Hindko language Hindko (or Hindku) is an ancient language spoken in northern Pakistan. The word "Hindko" literally translates to "Indian Mountains, or more appropriately as "Mountains of the Indus country."[citation needed] The word "Hind" is the Persianized reference to the regions associated with the Indus River immediately to the east of Persia and "Ko" means mountains. [citation needed] The term is also found in the Greek reference to the mountainous region in eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan as Caucasus Indicus. The language is spoken in the areas of the North West Frontier Province (including Hazara), Punjab and Kashmir by an estimated 7 million people. There is no generic name for these people because they belong to diverse ethnicities and tend to recognize themselves by the larger family or castes. However the largest group of them in the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad and Mansehra are sometimes recognized collectively as Hazarawal, named after the defunct Hazara Division that comprised of these districts. In Peshawar city they are referred to as "Kharay" meaning City-dwellers or Hindkowans.
History and Origin During the pre-Buddhist era in present day Pakistan, the language of the masses was refined by the ancient grammarian Pa?ini who set the rules of a structurally rigorous language called Sanskrit which was used principally for scriptures (analogous to Latin in the Western world). Meanwhile, the vernacular language of the masses, Prakrit developed into many tongues and dialects which spread over the northern parts of South Asia. Hindko is believed to be closely related to Prakrit. Due to the geographic isolation of the regions, it has undergone very little corruption, but has borrowed considerable vocabulary from its neighbours, in particular Pashto. It shows close affinity to Punjabi and the Lahnda sub-group of Indo-Aryan tongues and can be sub-divided into a northern and southern dialect (the southern dialect spoken in Pakistani Punjab shows some similarity with Siraiki as opposed to Punjabi). This language is very similar to the Mirpuri dialect of Potohari and both Hindko and Mirpuri speakers can understand each other very well. Speakers The largest geographically contiguous group of Hindko speakers is concentrated in the districts of Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra and Kaghan valley of Pakistan, while there are substantial number of geographically isolated speakers of Hindko in cities like Peshawar, Mardan and Kohat. People here tend to associate themselves with larger families instead of a language (or caste as it used to be called) like Awan, Tanoli,Tareen, Jadoon, Abbasi , karlal etc. People who speak Hindko are referred to by some academics as Punjabi Pashtuns probably because of many Pashtuns tribes, for example Jadoons and Tanolis who settled in places like Hazara, adopted Hindko as their first language and had gained political power in these areas during the British rule and also because of many ethnic Pushtun people who speak Hinkdo as their first language in Peshawar and Kohat. The Hindko speaking people living in major cities Peshawar, Kohat, Mardan are bilingual in Pashto and Hindko. Similarly many Pashto speaking people in districts like Abbottabad and Mansehra (especially in Agror Valley and northern Tanawal) have become bilingual in Pashto and Hindko. The NWFP Imperial Gazetteer (1905) regularly refers to the language as Hindko. More than one interpretation has been offered for the term Hindko. Some associate it with Hindustan (as the word maybe used during the medieval Muslim period in the sub-continent), others with the Indus River which is of course the etymological source of all these terms.
Farigh Bukhari and South Asian language expert and historian Christopher Shackle believe that Hindko was a generic term applied to the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum in the northwest frontier territories and adjacent district of Attock in the Punjab province to differentiate it from Pushto. Linguists classify the language into the Indic subgroup of Indo-European languages and consider it to be one of the Indo-Iranian languages of the area. An estimated 2.4 per cent of the total population of Pakistan speak Hindko as their mother tongue, with more rural than urban households reporting Hindko as their household language. Demographics The speakers of Hindko live primarily in six districts: Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur, Peshawar, Nowshera and Kohat in NWFP, and Attock and Rawalpindi in Punjab and parts of Kashmir; Jonathan Addleton states that "Hindko is the linguistic majority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth of the province's total households." In Abbottabad District 92 per cent of households reported speaking Hindko, in Mansehra District 47 per cent, in Peshawar District 7 per cent, and in Kohat District 10 per cent (1986). Testing of inherent intelligibility among Hindko dialects through the use of recorded tests has shown that there is a northern (Hazara) dialect group and a southern group. The southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the dialect network than are the northern dialects. The dialects of rural Peshawar and Talagang are the most widely understood of the dialects tested. The dialect of Balakot is the least widely understood. In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley than elsewhere). In the mixed areas, many people speak both languages. The relationship between Hindko and Pashto is not one of stable bilingualism. In the northeast, Hindko is the dominant language both in terms of domain of usage and in terms of the number of speakers, whereas in the southwest, Pashto seems to be advancing in those same areas. Historically, there were two languages each in upper Afghanistan and lower Afghanistan: Persian and Pushto and Hindko and Pushto. Chach Hazara was a great centre of resistance to the British. The Gandhara Hindko Board has published the first dictionary of the language and its launching ceremony was held on March 16, 2003. According to a press release, Sultan Sakoon, a prominent Hindku poet, has compiled the dictionary.
Mansehra is located between 34º - 12' and 35º - 50' and 47º - 07' cast longitudes. It is bounded in the North by Kohistan and Diamir districts, in the east by Muzaffarabad district of Azad Jamu and Kashmir, in the south by Abbottabad district, and in the west by Swat district. Physical Features: The leading distinctive features of Mansehra are its mountain ranges, the plains, the valleys and the lakes. The area has been blessed with the rich and harmonious combination of tall and stately fine trees, high mountains, plains, beautiful valleys and lakes which make it a heaven of peace. The mountain ranges which enter Mansehra district from Kashmir are the offshoots of the great Himalayan System. In Kaghan valley the mountain system is the highest of the area including the Babusar Top . This range flanks the right bank of the Kunhar, contains a peak(Malika-e-Parbat) of over 17,000 feet, the highest in the district. On the mountains the grasslands are also found where Gujars and other nomads migrate during summer for grazing their sheep, goats and other animals. On the northern side there are mountains which are the extension of the same mountain system as that of Kaghan mountains. This range diverges from the eastern side at Musa-ka-Masalla a Peak (13, 378 feet) which skirt the northern end of the Bhogarmang and Konsh Valleys, and sends down a spur to divide the two. Here also like Kaghan thick forests are found especially on the higher slopes. Due to extensive exploitation only in unapproachable areas the thick forests are found. In the west of the Siran valley the mountain ranges of Richari and Tanglai run towards the Chuttar Plain. This plain is surrounded by the high mountains of Hilkot. TheBatagram valley totally consists of mountains and hills. Towards the west there is Black Mountain range and on the north the mountains of Allai are also important because of thick forests and grasslands on the higher slopes and like the Kaghan valley the Gujars and other nomads migrate to this area which is called Malian in the local dialect. On the south of Chuttar and Batagram is the Agror valley separated by the Tanglai mountain from Pakhli through a gap which is called Sosal Galli. From Agror southward are the Tanglai mountain, Bhingra (8,500 feet) being the highest. Towards the west from Oghi the important Black Mountain range runs northwards. This area is termed as the tribal area and notorious for the outlaws and criminals. The mountains are generally covered with forests only on the higher places. From Mansehra town's westward the area is covered with low lying hills, the Bareri hill being prominent of them. Plain Tracts Some plains of Mansehra worth mentioning are Pakhli, Chuttar, Agror and Mangal. Pakhli tract is 3,000 feet above the sea level, 11 mile from north to south and ten mile from east to west. It is the most fertile and intensively cultivated plain, especially on the western side and is irrigated by bourns and nallas and the Siran river. The Chuttar plain lies on the north of the Pakhli plain and is 5,500 feet above the sea level, smaller in size than the former. The Agror tract is also popular in the area where Rice, Barley, Wheat, Maize and other crops are cultivated. Valleys There are many valleys in Mansehra among which the Kaghan valley, Konsh valley, Agror valley, Bhogarmang valley and Pakhal valley are most popular. These large valleys have taken together, produced holiday resorts such as the Kaghan valley. This particularly earned the reputation of having the most enchanting tourists resorts of Pakistan. Agror is a small valley lying at the foot of Black Mountain and is separated from Pakhli by the ridge of Tanglai. Konsh and Bhogarmang are also famous valleys. Rivers Siran and Kunhar are well known rivers of the district. The Siran issues from Panjool and flows through the western plain of Pakhli. Two canals have been taken out from the Siran river, the upper Siran canal at Dharial and lower Siran canal at Shinkiari. From Pakhli the Siran runs into the Tanawal hills and joins the Indus at Tarbela in the north west. Its total course is between 70 to 80 miles, and it irrigates 6,273 acres of land. The Kunhar bursts out the from the Lulusar at the head of Kaghan valley and after a turbulent course of 110 miles falls in the river Jhelum at Pattan. Since the land upon its bank is little level therefore, its water is not used for irrigation purposes. Some other notable bourn and nallas which flow in district Mansehra are Pootkatha (Mansehra), Nadi Unhar (Shergarh), Butkus (joins the Siran near Icharian), Ichar and a small Siran stream that flows in Batagram and joins the river Indus near Thakot. Lakes There are three beautiful lakes in Mansehra district. These are encircled by snow clad peaks of the mountain range in the Kaghan valley. The names of there lakes are Lulusar, Dudipatsar and Saiful Maluk Sar. The former two lie near Babusar top while the latter one near Naran. The word "sar" is used with the name of each lake meaning lake. In the summer when the water of these lakes reflects like a mirror a large number of visitors from different areas of the country come to watch the enchanting views of these lakes. With Saiful Maluk Sar a legend of mythical fairy Badri Jamal and Prince Saiful Maluk is associated while Lulu Sar is the Reminiscent of those 55 participants of 1857 war of independence who had been arrested near Lulu Sar. Flora The flora of Mansehra is a very interesting study. Due to the diversity of local topography and climate, particularly of rainfall, the flora varies from place to place. Tree species are well represented by the deciduous and evergreen types. The commonest broad leaved trees are walnut, asanthus, traikun, eucalyptus, acacia, chestnut, bird-cherry, yew, barmi, peshor wild olive, ash, plane tree, alder, Persian lilac, elm mulberry, and many species of willow and poplar Birch and occasionally juniper are found in the higher parts. Among the conifers there are pine, deodar, blue pine, spruce and sliver fir. The best known forests of pine, in Mansehra, are the forest of Batrasi, Jaba, Dadar and Paraziarat. Deodar and blue pine grow in stony slopes like fir and spruce. The general vegetation is of the shrub type which include the shrubs or medium size trees. The common shrubs and herbs of the area are sanatha, grund, phulah, wild indigo, valerian, peony, sorrel. timar, phitni, hawthorn, oleaster, wayfaring, barberry, bamble, kamila and others. In the upper area as the snow milts by the approach of the spring followed by summer, the whole area gives the appearance of a vast flower bed, dominated by the number of annual and perennial herbs. Apple, apricot, plum, fig pear, wild pear, mango, orange, damson, lichi, and persimmon are worth mentioning fruit trees of the area. Sunflower, rose, jasmine, jasmine-zambak, narcissus, tulip, lily, dog violet, brush flax, iris and musk-rose are included in the flora of Mansehra. Fauna Mansehra district sprawling over an area of 5,957 sq.km. had been traditionally the home of variety and plenty from faunistic point of view. The expansion in agricultural activities has affected the natural habitats of the area. The fresh water fauna is directly or indirectly dependent on the local rainfall, natural springs, and mostly the Kunhar and Siran rivers. The Kunhar river abounds in trout fish, a hot favourite for amateur fishing zeal. A trout fish hatchery has been established at Shinu (Kaghan) to supplement the fish numbers. China corp, gold fish, mullah, chukar and conge-ed are found in the Siran. For the former two a hatchery has been established in Ichrian while the latter are commonly found in the rivers and nallas Reptiles like the lizards and snakes are the master creepers and runners among the terrestrial fauna. In avian fauna re included several species of herons, teals, doves, cuckoos, bee caters, wood packers, larks, shrikes, bulbuls, finches and wagtails are widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Swallows, parrots, mainas, pigeon, sparrows, hoopoe, kingfishers and crows are also found, while western horned tragopan, imperial monal pheasant, and kokla pheasant are found only in hilly areas, whereas back and gray partridges as well as quails are common. The birds of prey are shikra, sparrow hawk, owl and several species of vulture. Mansehra still has varied mammalian fauna despite the pact that the mammals had the hardest time directly or indirectly through man's persecution. The rhesus monkeys and the common lungur are dwelling in large numbers. Among the carnivores lion and cheetah became extinct while the snow leopard and leopard are endangered species. The snow leopard moves up and down the mountains with its favourite prey like markhor. The other animals found in Mansehra are wolf, red fox, black and brown bears, jackal, leopard cat, Himalayan lynx, mongoose, musk deer, grey foral and ibex. The pet animals are camel, buffalo, horse, donkey, sheep and goat. Scenery The natural scenery and climate of Mansehra has a great attraction for the tourists. Low and bare hills that fringe the level tracts have attraction of their own, Panoramic view of widespread plain and invigorating fresh air in all seasons and the higher hill with pine covered slopes, the snow capped peaks of Kaghan, Bhogarmang, Koush, Allai and the regions beyond the mountains are torrents and water-falls. The peaceful lakes of Kaghan, the villages perched on almost inaccessible heights and the green valleys are appealing to the lovers of beauty. These lovers of beauty rejoice when the walk on mountain erects and see the mists sweeping up. They can listen to the roars of water from behind the great grey curtain, and look at the torrent at their feet tumbling over the rocks down gully and glen. The stillness of the dawn, of noon and of evening as well as the winds pure and austere are really most enchanting for the lovers of beauty. Climate The climate of the district is warm in summer and cold in winter. The northern part where there are high mountain is cold in summer due to snow clad mountains and is very cold in winter. The total annual rainfall of the district according to 1972 census report is 72 inches. Temperature ranges from 2ºC to 36ºC in the district. Historical places There are a number of important and historical place in Mansehra. Kaghan is famous for its pleasant climate in summer when tourists come to watch its beautiful views. Then comes Balakot which has a great significance in the history of Hazara with special reference of Syed Ahmad Shaheed's movement. The other wellknown villages and towns are Mansehra, Baffa, Shinkiari, Dhodial, Battal, Bhogarmang, Batagram, Allai (former integral part of Kohistan tribal area), Phulra (chief village of the former Phulra state), Oghi, Shergarh (the summer headquarters of the former Nawab of Amb), Darband (former centre of Amb state), Gulibagh (capital of former Pakhli Sarkar), Ichrian, Ghari Habibullah, Jabori, Chuttar, Dadar (where lies one of the famous T.B. Sanatorium in the country), Khaki and Black Mountain Provincial Administered tribal area. |
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This is the vast area administrated by three police stations (Nara, Lora and New Khanpur). The valley area starts from New Khanpur and ends at Ayubia in west to east and from Havelian to Margalla Hills from north to south. The eastern half of this area is in district Abbottabad the other half is in district Haripur. This whole area is administratively divided in to three forest ranges (Stoura, Khanpur and Makhnial). Both ranges are under the administrative control of Haripur Forest Division and Abbottabad Wildlife Division. The five major reserved forests (Sarla Reserved Forest, Margalla Reserved Forest, Kohala Lassan Reserved Forest, and Rahi Reserved Forest ans Stoura Reserved Forest) along with other small reserves, guzaras and mehdoodas are located in this area. The largest reserved forest is Kohala Lassan Forest, which starts from Khanpur Dam and ends at the boundaries of Stoura. The Dubran Forest is the part of this reserve.
The valley is further connected to the forests of Kashmir and Mansehra forests through Ayubia and Gallies forests.
Streams
The Haro River comprises of four main streams and their small helping nullas. Which are?
The Haro River comprises of four main streams and their small helping nullas. Which are?
- Lora Haro: its source is in the Muree Hills. The waters of Northern Muree Slopes. Lora town, its suburbs, Phulla, Rupar, Kohalabala and the surrounding areas fall in to this stream.
- Stora Haro: It starts from the base of Nathiagali Hills. The waters of western slopes of Nahiagali Hills, southern slopes of Nara Hills, Stoura, Massah and Jabri fall in this stream.
- Neelan Stream: its base is in Nara Hills. The waters from some parts of Nara Hills, villages of Neelan Valley (Hajia, Chamnaka, Riala, Bodla etc), Mountain of Danna Nooral, Mountain of Dubran and some area of U/C Langrial fall in this stream.
- Kunhad Stream: This stream comprises of the waters from U/C Langrial, Old U/C Gandhian, Mountain of Siribang, Mountain of Dubran and the surrounding areas.
- Other Small Nullahs and waters: The waters from other small nullas of the different areas including Jab, Hally’ Desera, Najafpur and other villages of the region also fall in the Haro River.
Main Reserved Forests of the Region
- Kohala Lassan Reserved Forest: It is the largest reserved forest of the valley, starts from Khanpur reservoir and finishes at the end of Massah Gojary. Pine, kahoo and phulay are the main trees in this forest.
- Sarla Reserved Forest: Sarla is a beautiful mountain in the Northwest of Khanpur Dam. It was a wonderful scrub forest with plenty of Kahoo and Phulay trees a few decades ago, but destroyed by the forest fires, fuel wood cutters and graziers.
- Stoura Reserved Forest: This forest is located at the extreme eastern end of the valley in the foot hills of Muree and Gallyat. A few decades back it was a thick forest of pine trees, but it is being cut down by timber smugglers and locals. The elevation of the Stoura village is about 3500 feet…surrounded by high peaks of Muree and Gallyat hills. It is a wonderful place to visit on the bank of the river.
- Dotara Reserved Forest: This is a beautiful forest on the high way starting from forest rest house Jabri and ends near Hally on the southern bank of the river Haro. It has plenty of wildlife in it including leopards and monkeys.
- Margalla Reserved Forest: The northern steeps of Margalla hills and surrounding areas are also designated as a reserved forest, are also part of this valley, with beautiful gorges, nullas and peaks.
- Rahi Reserved Forest: This is a pine and kahoo forest with some trees of phulahi and other scrubs. It is the most beautiful area near Lora town.
- Other Reserved and Private Forests: The whole valley is covered with different types of small reserved forests, Guzaras and Mehdoodas. There are some thick kahoo and pine reserved forests in Makhnial Range in the north of Islamabad, including Rukhala reserved forest.
Mountains of the Valley
There are several high peaks and mountains in the region. A brief description of some important and beautiful hills is given below.
There are several high peaks and mountains in the region. A brief description of some important and beautiful hills is given below.
- Dana Nooral: A beautiful and large mountain located on the eastern bank of Neelan stream nearly in the centre of the valley. There is a village on the top at an elevation of round about 6000 feet. The most of the population of this village belongs to the Nooral branch of Karral Tribe; due to this it is called Dana Nooral.
- Siribang: It is another beautiful mountain of the Haro Valley and the highest mountain of Dist. Haripur. It is located in between the Khanpur road and Kunhad stream and covered with pine jungles. There are a few villages also on this mountain. These villages are Siribang, Jab, Kohala paean etc. The elevation of the highest peak is about 5700 feet.
- Nara: The Nara Mountain is the highest one with an elevation of about 7000 feet. It is located in the northeastern corner of the valley. It is named on the Nara village.
Dubran: Last village of dist. Abbottabad in the south west corner is located on this mountain. It is a high and beautiful mountain of the region, just apposite to the Siribang. This village was the Base Camp of Karral Mujhaideen against Sikhs in 19th century in the command of the Great Sardar Hashim Khan. The whole mountain is surrounded by the beautiful forest. It is also encircled by river Haro and its tributaries, with Haro River in the South, Neelan stream in the East, Langrial nulla in the North and Kunhad stream in the west but water is hardly available on the top for the villagers. A water supply scheme of more than rupees 10 million was launched by the government but failed due to improper survey and poor management. It is a large mountain (about 6×8 km of area). Dubran village comprises 17 hamlets scattered across the village. It is home to around 4000 people and about 500 households. A majority of the male folk speaks Urdu. However, Hindkoh is the lingua franca of the area. Sardars (30%) and Awans (70%) are the prominent casts. Despite majority, Awans, being the tenants, used to follow decisions made by Sardars of the village.
A View of Langrial (Siribang Mountain on fire in the back ground) Employment is the main source of income. However, 30% people, mostly illiterate, old and women are engaged in agro-pastoral activities. Land is partially owned by community. Livestock rearing, subsistence agriculture, fuel wood, fodder and water collection etc are mostly carried out by rural women. Wheat and maize are the commonly grown crops. The village is rain-fed but soil is fertile enough to produce above average crop yields (1.6 tons per acre). Dubran top (about 5500 feet high) is the point from where 80% area of the valley is visible. A Pakistan communication company has built repeaters and boosters towers here to provide communication links in-between Thandiani and the valley to operate different exchanges and other communication equipments. A black top road links the village with main road at Langrial.- Langrial Mountain: Another beautiful mountain in the north of Dubran along the main Lora road.
- Islamabad: The old name of the village is Salwad, which was changed. It is a high and beautiful mountain with pine jungle around it, in between the two main streams of Haro River.
- Nagri Hills: Located around the town of Lora in the extreme eastern end of valley. These are foot hills of Gallyat and Muree covered with forests and scattered human settlements.
- Ghoragali and Makhnial Hills: Beautiful hills behind the capital of Pakistan. Covered with scattered pine and scrub forests and villages.
- Sarla Mountain: Most famous mountain of the valley. This was a thick jungle of Kahoo and other scrub trees a few decades ago, full of barking deer and urials, but now there is nothing in this mountain except scattered bushes. It is located in the west of Khanpur dam.
Important Towns and Villages
The following are the few important towns and villages of Haro River valley.
The following are the few important towns and villages of Haro River valley.
- New Khanpur: A neat clean and well planed small town located in the West of Khanpur dam. Nearly all necessities of life are available here. A rural health centre, banks, degree college, police station, range forest officer office, boys & girls high schools, girls inter college and veterinary hospital are the main governmental buildings in the town. Weather remains pleasant all the times.
- Lora: Another small town in the eastern corner of the valley. It is about at a 9 km road distance from Ghoragali with pleasant weather, but slightly chilly in the winter. All necessities of life including education and health are available here.
- Bodela: A small town of the Neelan valley with good facilities and beautiful sceneries around. Located on the Kanial Abbottabad Road.
- Jabri: A small town or a large village with some good facilities like a good small bazaar, high school for boys, a BHU, a bus stop and middle school for girls. It takes a great rush at day times. It is located in the centre of the valley on the northern bank of river Haro. It is a junction point of three streams and three roads.
- Kohala Bala: On the junction of Abbottabad Lora road and Tarnava Lora road a beautiful village with small bazaar is located. This village is called Kohala Bala. The significant residents of this village are sayeds.
- Stoura: 8 km in the north of Lora the large and oldest village of Karral tribe is situated. A shingle road connects it with Jabri. At present this village is slightly backward but it has a rich and old history.
- Langrial: Head quarters of union counsel Langrial and an important village. Located at a road distance of 12 km from Maqsood on main Lora road. The most of the residents are Jadoon. Before partition it was base of Hindu Banias and was the great Mandi of the region, but after the independence the people of the village failed to maintain it.
- Phulla: At about 10-12 km road distance the most beautiful village of Phulla is located. It is the native village of Sgt. Manzir Ali Shaheed, who was crashed with President Zia-ul-Haque.
- Dubran: The mountain next to the village in the south is Dubran. The village on the top of the mountain is called Dubran. It is nearly self sufficient village with good fertile lands. It is the most beautiful village but with one problem i.e. shortage of water. It could be called an heaven on earth if the water in good quantity is provided. It is just apposite to the Muree in the west on an elevation of about 5500 feet with pleasant weather all the year but slightly chilly in snowy days. It is the best snow watching point also.
- Najifpur: The whole village surrounded with thick scrub and pine jungles is located on the eastern edge of Khanpur dam at about 8 km road distance from Tarnava.
- Halley: The biggest village scattered over large area of hills. Pine and kahoo trees are in abundance in the surrounding area of Halley village. It has schools for boys and girls and a near by BHU.
- Chinjah: A small and beautiful village in-between Jabri and Stoura on the bank of the river. Most of the population of this village belongs to Karral tribe. The literacy rate amongst the kraals is very high (about 80%). Many of them are commissioned officer in defence forces. It is the native village of ex-conservator NWFP Sardar Wazir Muhammad Khan.
- Tial Sayedan: A small but famous village of the valley. Darbar-e-Alia Quadria of Sayed Faiz Ali Shah (Saeen Shah) has made it an important village. Linked with Jabri through a jeep road.
- Garamthoon: A village at the back of Margalla Hills Park surrounded with jungles of pine kahoo and Phulay with plenty of wildlife.
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| A village of the valley |
Roads & Links
Although the whole valley is netted with jeep tracks and some good roads, transport is comparatively less due to domination of local transporters. The following is the introduction of some important roads.
Although the whole valley is netted with jeep tracks and some good roads, transport is comparatively less due to domination of local transporters. The following is the introduction of some important roads.
- Shah Maqsood – Lora – Ghoragali, Road: It is the main and oldest road starts from Shah Maqsood (Haripur Abbottabad main GT road) passes through the centre of the valley and further leads to Ghoragali & Muree. It is also called Abbott Lora Ghoragali Road. The FHA has upgraded it into a high way.
- Havelian-Kanial Road: It is another black top road starts from Havelian Railway station passes through villages Phulwari Hajia and Bodela and joins the main road at Kanial.
- Chapra-Noordi-Ghumawan, Road: Starts from Chapra (Haripur), passes through Noordi Ghumawan and Ghandian, joins with the main road at Langrial. It is a shingle road.
- Tarnava-Kohalabala, Road: This is a black top road, starts from Tarnava (a small town near Khanpur Dam) passes through beautiful gorges, nullas, and villages e.g. Choi, Najifpur, Hally and joins the main road at Kohala Bala.
- Islamabad, Kohala Bala, Road: This is a new road from Karachi Co. and passes through Damin-e-Koh, Dana Ferozepur, Kumble, Barkot and ends at Kohala Bala the junction of three main roads.
- Jabri, Stoura, Road: It is a shingle road from Jabri to Stoura, along the northern bank of Haro River. It passes through beautiful valleys and forests. Massah Gojary and Chinjah are the main villages on this road.
Abbotabad is main city of Hazara Region. Its local Lagguage is Hindko. Abbotabad is located at 150 kilometers north of Islamabad and 200 kilometers East of Peshawar.
Abbotabad lies on Karakoram Highway and located in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is the third largest city in the province after Peshawar and Mardan. The city is situated in the Orash Valley. It lies at an altitude of 4,120 feet or 1,260 meters.
The city is well known throughout Pakistan for its pleasant weather. It has high standard educational institutions, also has military establishments institutes. It remains a major hub for tourism of the Northern Areas in the summer
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